Very well written article which I totally agree with. The BB model will need to be entirely replaced including the belief in dark matter, dark energy, Inflation etc. The problem however is that the BB model is deeply entrenched and most cosmologists and present-day astronomers grew up with the BB model and never seriously considered any other model, even though there have been countless other viable possibilities that few have ever heard of. Therefore, unfortunately, it will take at least another couple of years before the mainstream starts to see the light, then alternative theories will be proposed, as well as old theories reviewed in light of all the new evidence. Only a small but highly significant quantity of has  been observed so far as of July 2024.

In time all readers can reflect back on how accurate this article was, at least one or two years ahead of its time in its predictions, realizations, and insights, explained in detail by way of its excellent writings.

Who is Stephen Hosking?
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Quote from: Marek Zbik on April 15, 2024, 00:54:53The universe and its nature are very difficult to comprehend by the human mind which is adapted to solve problems of everyday life. Concepts such as singularity or Big Bang are metaphors coined to imagine abstractions of the universe that would otherwise be impossible to comprehend. Those terms do not constitute canons of faith in science but help us to understand the nature of the universe's reality. There are many models of the universe which may differ from each other in many ways. The singularity theorems that Stephen Hosking and Roger Penrose used as a metaphor for the beginning of time to predict how the universe should emerge were used in some models. It closely relates to the black hole visualization.

Redshirting causes ultraviolet light to shift to visible, and then to infrared. Not from visible to ultraviolet to infrared.

If universe expansion is fueled by energy, why should it follow a homogeneous regime initiated by a singular big bang event?  After all, quantum energy fluctuations are random. Universe expansion may very well be at different rates, and in any 3D direction. Quantum randomness.

The universe and its nature are very difficult to comprehend by the human mind which is adapted to solve problems of everyday life. Concepts such as singularity or Big Bang are metaphors coined to imagine abstractions of the universe that would otherwise be impossible to comprehend. Those terms do not constitute canons of faith in science but help us to understand the nature of the universe's reality. There are many models of the universe which may differ from each other in many ways. The singularity theorems that Stephen Hosking and Roger Penrose used as a metaphor for the beginning of time to predict how the universe should emerge were used in some models. It closely relates to the black hole visualization.

Faith and science are incompatible. No one really knows what the Universe is or how it came to be. Just unsubstantiated speculation. You don't even know if you yourself and everything that surrounds you are real.

The hypothesis that the big bang didn't involve original open spaces, but rather involved expansion of space itself, is irrelevant in my view of the universe because I believe the universe is already everywhere, and it already holds all the open spaces in existence, so expansion of space itself is nonsensical since nothing can expand beyond everywhere.

The big bang did happen, but it was a natural explosion in the greater universe that broke the bounds of gravity, permanently freeing all the matter of the big bang from the original center of gravity, allowing seemingly endless expansion into open spaces. Whatever might have been in its way was pushed back or pulverised, except the largest black holes and galactic cores were moved much less but we're largely stripped of stars, and partially held their relative positions, and the galactic remnants became some of the drivers of galaxy formation in the new section of the universe. The force of the blast created a bubble within a pushed back section of the rest of the universe, and powered expansion for 9 billion years, but it waned as expansion continued, and now the gravitational pull from the rest of the universe has now become primary, and we've begun falling in all directions into the rest of the universe at an increased rate, faster at the outer edges as they get nearer.