The 5x periscope is a HUGE upgrade, since it has a bigger sensor paired with bigger pixels when pixel binned that receive a lot more light. At this size, it has a Full Frame Equivalent aperture of f/21, a COMPLETE far-cry from the f/42 equivalent aperture from the 10x zoom camera used by the S21/S22/S23 Ultra.
Sad that the ultrawide and 3x zoom camera were left unchanged, if Samsung would've used these cameras also, it would've made for an extremely consistent camera setup like the Xiaomi 13 Ultra.
Details of the camera sensors in the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra have now been revealed through various sources. Seemingly, Samsung has only included one major change from last year's Galaxy S23 Ultra, with the 200 MP ISOCELL HP2 featuring in both models.